In Bangladesh, we all know the history of the Language Movement of 1952 from our school textbooks. In that year, very shortly after independence and partition, one of the first Bangladeshi national-cultural phenomena took place: a revolt against West Pakistan’s (present-day Pakistan) imposition of Urdu as national language in East Pakistan, today’s Bangladesh, where Bengali was by far the most widely spoken language. The happenings were highly symbolic – the Bengali language has long been spoken by an overwhelming majority of Bangladeshis and can be seen as a strong symbol of Bangladeshi history and national character. They were also violent, a token of West Pakistan’s bloody and repressive stances regarding the then nation’s eastern wing.
On February 21, 1952, students of the University of Dhaka launched a nationwide protest against accepting Urdu as the nation’s official language. That peaceful protest eventually led to several human losses. In order to recognize and honour this heroic act, the United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declared in 1999 February 21 as International Mother Language Day. It is a day of worldwide observance aimed at promoting multilingualism and awareness of both cultural and linguistic diversity. 21 February is also observed in Bangladesh as ‘Shaheed Dibosh’ (Martyr’s Day). The names of the five most famous Language Movement’s martyrs are much heard of: Salam, Barkat, Rafiq, Jabbar and Shafiur. Yet finding out who else was lost is not simple – after so many years, there still lacks a complete list of martyrs. According to published information, all that is known is that on 21 and 22 February 1952 many people were killed amidst indiscriminate firing by government forces. We thus quest for relevant information from either private or public sources of that period.
On 21 February 1952, the police opened fire in front of the Medical College hostel at Dhaka University’s campus where students staged their protest. Human losses were endured. The next day thousands of men and women thronged the university’s Medical College and Engineering College areas so as to offer prayers for the victims of police firing. After these prayers they engaged in a procession, at which point police forces opened fire again. Still others were killed in the day after.The first memorandum regarding the Language Movement of 1952 was published in March, 1953. Its publisher was Mohammad Sultan, the first president of East Pakistan’s Student Union. The Editor was Hasan Hafizur Rahman. In that book Kabir Uddin Ahmed wrote in a report titled ‘Ekusheyr khatanpunji’: ‘The bodies of the martyrs were taken away from the medical college hospital after the conspiracy…. (the next day) in the morning, a large part of the public burnt and invaded the morning news office. The military fired recklessly at the procession and many casualties ensued.
‘On 23 February 1952, the Language Movement’s ‘Sainik’ was published. According to the news, the police fired at several arsonist students gathering in front of the medical college hostel on Thursday, killing seven people and injuring three hundred. According to the report published by the news daily Azad, nine people were killed from firing on 21 and 22 February.Many bodies were abducted. There was a news article titled ‘Total number of deaths is 9 on Thursday and Friday’ published on 23 February in the Daily Anandabazar, Calcutta, India. Pakistan’s exiled writer Lal Khan wrote in his book ‘Pakistan’s Other Story: The Revolution in 1968-69’ that 26 people were killed and 400 injured. The book was published in Lahore in 2008.
According to information provided by Oli Ahad, organizer of the Language Movement, no one knows the exact number of people killed on 22 February at Victoria Park (present Bahadur Shah Park), Nawabpur Road and Bangshal Road. Ahmad Rafiq (in ‘Ekush theke Ekattor’) mentioned the names of Abdul Awal, Kishore Ahilyaullah and Sirajuddin among the dead.Hassan Hafizur Rahman edited the ‘Ekushey February’ compilation. Kabir Uddin Ahmed wrote in his ‘Ekushey History’ article that ‘The death of eight is undoubtedly known.’ According to this information, M. Akhtar Mukul has made a list of eight ‘Language Martyrs’: Rafiquddin Ahmad, Abul Barkat, Abdul Jabbar, Abdus Salam and Shafiqur Rahman, Abdul Awal, Ahulahall and an unknown boy were killed.
Five people were recognised officially as ‘Language Martyrs’ – Abul Barkat, Abdul Jabbar, Rafiquddin Ahmad, Abdus Salam and Shafiur Rahman. They were awarded ‘Ekushey Padak’, the second-highest civilian award in Bangladesh, in the year 2000. Each recipient was entitled to a gold medal, a certificate, and a financial reward.&nbsp;Barkat and Jabbar were students at Dhaka University. Rafiq was the son of the Badamtali Commercial Press’ owner. They were killed on 21 February 1952. The next day, on 22 February, rickshaw puller Salam and High Court employee Shafiur were killed. Two more names are found on the list of losses on 22 February 1952 – Ahualullah and Abdul Awal.
On the website of the International Mother Language Institute, these two names are mentioned as ‘Language Martyrs. Salahuddin was also recognised in different ways as a martyr on 21 February. Although the number of officially recognised ‘Language Martyrs’ is still set at five, the real number is unknown, and will remain so to the next generation if relevant information remains to be scrutinised. We are all eager to be informed.

Remembering the martyrs of the ‘Bengali Language Movement’

Useful links

Company

Information

Content Writers

Freelancers

Freelance Jobs

Online Jobs

Designers

Developers

Translations